Presented at the Popular Culture Association/American Culture Association National Conference in Boston, Massachusetts on April 12, 2012.
One of the more fascinating aspects of performing as part of the cast of a renaissance festival, particularly one in which royal court story lines get performed on a regular basis, such as at my home festival, the Maryland Renaissance Festival, is the challenge to develop information when portraying an actual historical person. It is easier to find information if you portraying a prominent person, such as King Henry VIII or his wives. However, if you are given the role of a courtier or a courtier's wife it is much more difficult to find contemporary information. Birth dates are largely unknown in the first half of the sixteenth century. Unless you are of royal birth your early life and rudimentary education will not be recorded. There may be brief glimpses of you in the historical record, but for women of the sixteenth century, unless you came to prominence on your own accord, there is little to go on for an actor to develop insight into the personality of the historical figure.
My own actor’s journey into the
court of King Henry VIII began in the year 1529, better known as 2001, the 25th
anniversary season of the Maryland Renaissance Festival. Prior to this season I had
portrayed fictional village characters. I was ready for a change and was assigned Gertrude
Blount Courtenay, the Marchioness of Exeter. My first reaction to this was, “who?” My second reaction was how on earth do
I pronounce Marchioness.
We are extremely lucky at the
Maryland Renaissance Festival to have a resident historian who is also the
court director, Mary Ann Jung.
There are also several other members of the cast who either have years
of experience in historical interpretation or, like myself, are amateur Tudor
history geeks. At the first
rehearsal I was given a basic fact sheet on the Marchioness.
Gertrude
Blount
1503?-1558
Titles: Marchioness of Exeter (1525)
Father: William Blount, 4th
Baron Mountjoy (1479-1534) Catherine of Aragon’s chamberlain.
Mother: Elizabeth Say.
Husband: Henry Courtenay (1496 –
x1538) Marquis of Exeter, a grandson of Edward IV.
Children: Edward Courtenay, Earl of
Devon (1526-1556).
v Devout Catholic
v Somewhat of an enigma, being called both a “pathetic, ailing,
devout, rather silly woman, with the credulous faith of the women of her kind”
and an “energetic, high-spirited woman” willing to risk her life to keep a
Catholic on the throne.
v Participated in pageantry at court.
v Accompanied Princess Mary at a May 1527 banquet for the French
ambassador.
v Ensured that Queen Catherine’s staff were musically
well-equipped.
v Very resourceful.
v Became a “useful, imperturbable go-between” for Princess Mary
and Chapuys.
v At the same time she was working for Princess Mary, she was one
of the Godmothers to Princess Elizabeth.
v She eventually consulted the Nun of Kent on a “family matter”,
but apologized to Henry VIII and was pardoned for her indiscretion.
v Worked behind the scenes to bring down Anne Boleyn.
v Told Chapuys in January 1536 of Anne Boleyn’s witchery.
v Bore Prince Edward to the font at his Christening.
v Served water to King Henry and Queen Jane.
v She was eventually attainted and sentenced to death for treason
in 1539, but she was pardoned in 1540.
v Her husband was not so fortunate: he was executed in 1538.
v She remained a loyal friend to Princess Mary and became part of
her court when she rose to the throne.
From this fact sheet this woman
clearly intrigued me. Obviously,
the Marchioness of Exeter was a prominent figure at the court of King Henry
VIII and Queen Mary I. Why
had I not heard of her or her husband before? I knew her son’s name Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon
from his role in the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554. That was as little as I knew. I had been obsessed with the court of King Henry VIII
since I was ten years old and watched the BBC miniseries The Six Wives of Henry VIII that was broadcast on CBS and PBS in
1971. Yet, I had never come across the Exeters in my reading, or if I did, they
did not register as important.
As an actor at the Maryland
Renaissance Festival we are encouraged to continue our research into the people
we are portraying. It helps
us give a richer performance and our discoveries can help to write our
character’s roles in the scripted storylines that are performed at the
Festival. What has differed
for me is that I have developed a decade long love for the Marchioness of
Exeter that has steered me into discovering as much about her as I can. Thanks to resources that were not
available to me a decade ago when I first portrayed the Marchioness, I have
gained a deeper understanding of this complex and important woman who served at
the court of King Henry VIII.
In 2001 I had more limited
options and they involved rudimentary research on the Internet, going to the
library and ordering used books. The first resource that I consider essential
when researching a woman from the English court in the 16th century
is Burke’s Peerage in its various forms and volumes. This will give you basic genealogy for both the father’s
family and the husband’s family by searching under either the family name or
the title and these sources will give you a basic biography that include the
titles and offices that the father or husband held at the court. There are also websites
such as www.tudorplace.com.ar and www.tudorhistory.org
that provide short biographies of the important figures of Tudor history using some of the same material.
Here is what I learned about
the Marchioness’ father, William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy. William Blount was the son and
heir of John, 3rd Baron Mountjoy who succeeded to the title on the
death of his father in 1485 while still a child. He studied in Paris where he
met and became the patron of the famous humanist scholar, Erasmus. Lord Mountjoy paid Erasmus a
pension of 100 crowns per year.
There are several Latin letters between Erasmus and Mountjoy and Erasmus
dedicated several of his writings to Lord Mountjoy and his son, Charles.[1]
From Erasmus’ letters we know that Lord Mountjoy came back to
England around 1497/1498, probably because William’s marriage had been arranged
to Elizabeth Saye, the daughter of Sir William Saye. Lord Mountjoy would marry multiple times, and his other
wives included Alice Kebel, the widow of William Browne, Lord Mayor of London,
and Dorothy Grey, daughter of Thomas, Marquis of Dorset. Antonia Fraser in her The
Wives of Henry VIII states that Lord Mountjoy also married Katherine of
Aragon’s Spanish lady-in-waiting, Inez de Venegas and that Inez was Gertrude’s
mother thus making Gertrude half-Spanish.[2]
Sources differ on whether Inez was his second or his fourth wife. In order for
Inez to be Gertrude’s mother Gertrude would have to have been born during Henry
VIII’s reign after 1509 and given that her marriage occurred in 1519 and she
starts to make appearances at court shortly after that, it is unlikely. I have
come to the conclusion that Gertrude is most likely the child of his first
marriage to Elizabeth Saye.[3]
It was Lord Mountjoy’s court
career that made it possible for Gertrude to make her illustrious marriage to
the King’s first cousin, Henry Courtenay.
Lord Mountjoy is present at many of the prominent events of the first
two decades of the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1512 he becomes Chamberlain to Queen Katherine of Aragon,
a position he remained in with a few gaps until the fall of 1533, when he was
tasked with informing the “Princess Dowager” that her marriage was invalid.[4]
He died the following year.
Gertrude is believed to be Lord
Mountjoy’s eldest child. [5] He would have several more children by
his many wives, Mary, Charles, Katherine, John, Dorothy and another Mary. As to her birth year it is listed
in sources as anywhere from 1499 to 1504 and in some sources as late as
1509. As is typical for a female
courtier of the early 16th century Gertrude does not merit a mention
in her own right until she is married.
There is slightly more
information about Gertrude’s husband, Henry Courtenay, although his importance
at the court of Henry VIII has been diminished in popular culture in favor of
those courtiers who have closer ties to the families of the king’s subsequent
wives. One of the best
sources I found during the early years of my research came unexpectedly. Horatia Durant published a book on the
three generations of the Earls of Devonshire in 1960. Entitled Sorrowful Captives: The Tudor Earls of
Devon, Ms. Durant gained access to the family archives of the current Earls
of Devon who live in Powderham Castle.
Henry is the only surviving
child of William Courtenay and Princess Katherine Plantagenet. William was the son of Edward, created 1st Earl of
Devonshire in 1485 for loyal service to King Henry VII. William married the Queen’s
younger sister in 1495.[6] When Queen Elizabeth of York dies, it
is Princess Katherine who acts as chief mourner at her funeral.[7] Unfortunately William begins a
pattern in which his family is suspected of treason for supporting the Yorkist
claimants to the throne.
William is arrested in 1502 and attainted for corresponding with Edmund
de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk.[8] He would be released from the
Tower on the ascension of King Henry VIII and he was given the honor of
carrying the Third Sword at the coronation. The attainder is reversed and
William is granted his father’s title of Earl of Devonshire in 1511, but he
dies before the formalities are completed.[9]
Henry Courtenay appears to have been close to his cousin Henry VIII. He
succeeds to the Earldom on his father’s death, participates in the invasion of
France in 1513 and by 1520 becomes a privy councilor and a gentleman of the
privy chamber.[10] [11]
Now it is time for Gertrude to
step forward into history.
She was Henry Courtenay’s second wife. He was first married to Elizabeth Grey, Viscountess
Lisle in her own right, but she died young no later than early 1519.[12] Ms. Durant uncovers evidence that
Gertrude and Henry’s marriage almost did not happen. In 1519 Henry Courtenay was proposed as a husband for the
niece of William of Chievres, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor’s chamberlain
and tutor. As Horatia Durant
quotes in her book, Sir Thomas More wrote to Cardinal Wolsey,
“as touching the overture made by my
Lord of Shevers for the marriage of my Lord of Devonshire, the King is well
content, and as me seemeth, very glad of the motion, wherein he requireth Your
Grace that it may like you to call my Lord of Devonshire to your Grace, and to
advise him secretly to forbear any further treaty of marriage with my Lord of
Mountjoy for a while; staying the matter, not casting it off; shewing him that
there is a far better offer made him, of which the King would that he should
not know the speciality before he speak with his Grace.”[13]
The marriage between Henry and
Gertrude took place on October 25, 1519. The king paid 200 pounds 4 shillings and 9 pence for
jousts at Greenwich to celebrate their wedding. [14]
Gertrude makes her first appearance as Countess of Devonshire at the Field of
the Cloth of Gold in 1520, where she was allowed in her retinue three women,
four men servants and eight horses,[15]
and she participated as one of the virtuous
ladies in the court masque, the Chateau Vert in March 1522, alongside the
King’s sister, Mary, Dowager Queen of France, Mary Boleyn Carey and Anne
Boleyn. Gertrude portrayed Honor.[16] Clearly, the Marchioness had the
courtly graces of music and dancing, so based on this information I could
portray her as a young woman who enjoyed court entertainments during the 2001
season of the Maryland Renaissance Festival. While the year was 1529, the height of the King’s
Great Matter, because it was the 25th anniversary season, it was
decided to have one last “happy’ day with King Henry and Queen Katherine
enjoying the hospitality of the little village of Revel Grove.
Yet,
I was still intrigued by the descriptions of Gertrude that seemed so
diametrically opposed. Where
did they come from? For that
I turned to another valuable resource for anyone researching Tudor women. In 2001, this resource was in
book form, Wives and Daughters: The Women of the Sixteenth Century by
Kathy Lynn Emerson. It is
now available as an online resource at kateemersonhistoricals.com that has made
it easier for Ms. Emerson to update her information as new scholarship has
happened over the past decade. So,
let’s examine Gertrude. It was
from Ms. Emerson’s book that I discovered the origin of the pathetic, ailing
devout portrayal was A.L. Rowse, who wrote his works on Tudor history during
the period of the 1930’s – 1970’s.
The source of the energetic quote is Garrett Mattingly who wrote his
biography of Katherine of Aragon in 1941. Horatia Durant in 1960 clearly did not like the
Marchioness saying that she wrote “interminable letters”[17]
and that she “wanted power at a time when women…seldom wielded it.”[18]
During
the off-season, I started researching more deeply into Gertrude’s life. I would find snippets of her here and
there, references to her in letters that placed her even more closely into the
events of King Henry VIII’s reign.
I discovered that it was very likely that she was, as she is portrayed
in the one time she appears on the screen, in the BBC’s The Six Wives of Henry
VIII, the enemy of Queen Anne Boleyn, the friend of the King’s eldest daughter Princess
Mary and the woman who had the privilege of carrying Prince Edward during his
christening.[19]
In
2002, the Maryland Renaissance Festival portrayed the year 1533 and the
coronation of Anne Boleyn. I
figured that since the Marchioness of Exeter was a close friend of Queen
Katherine that I would not be asked to portray her that season. I was wrong. As a matter of fact, when I
mentioned to my Artistic Director, Carolyn Spedden that I believed based on my research that the Marchioness did not
attend the coronation of Queen Anne, she wrote it into the storyline and I
received a brief dramatic scene following the coronation in which Queen Anne
berated my arrogance and I chose to silently take the queen’s wrath. That led to some wonderful acting opportunities
for the next two seasons as the rise and fall of Anne Boleyn took place at the
Festival.
Here
are a few highlights of the wonderful events of Gertrude Blount, the
Marchioness of Exeter’s life.
Henry
Courtenay benefited from the execution of the Duke of Buckingham in 1521. He became a knight of the garter
replacing the attainted Duke. In 1527 he was appointed lieutenant of the order
of the Garter. He received the
lordship of Caliland in Cornwall and the Duke’s London home, Red Rose in St
Lawrence Pountney.[20] He was an accomplished jouster
and the records from the Field of the Cloth of Gold show that his opponent was
another royal cousin, Henry, Lord Montague the eldest son of Margaret Pole,
Countess of Salisbury and elder brother of the Reginald Pole who became Queen
Mary I’s Archbishop of Canterbury.[21]
Henry Courtenay was created Marquis of Exeter in June 1525 on the same day that
the king’s bastard son, Henry Fitzroy was created Earl of Nottingham and Duke
of Richmond and Somerset. [22]
The
Marchioness of Exeter was chosen to hold Princess Mary’s hand as she entered
for a banquet in May 1527 when she was presented to the French ambassadors who
proposed a French marriage for the young princess.[23] During the Sweating Sickness
epidemic of 1528 during which Mary Boleyn’s husband died and Anne and George
Boleyn took ill, there is a letter from Thomas Heneage to Cardinal Wolsey that
shows that the Marchioness of Exeter also took ill and that the court left her
behind fleeing to Ampthill.[24]
For
the Exeters’ role in the dramatic events of the 1530’s it became necessary to
dig deeper into even older source material. The Marquis performed his duty to
his King and supported him in his quest for an annulment from Queen Katherine. [25]
Both of the Exeters took part in the christening of Princess Elizabeth with
Gertrude acting as godmother at the confirmation ceremony that took place
immediately following the baptism.
And we see in an episode from the reign of Queen Anne Boleyn, a time when
Gertrude had to beg her forgiveness of the King.
There
is a letter in volume two of Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of
Great Britain, edited by Mary
Anne Everett Wood, in which a lady of the court begs the king’s forgiveness for
seeking advice from Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent. [26] Sister Elizabeth Barton was famous for
her predictions and she would ultimately lose her life for foolishly predicting
that King Henry VIII would die if he married Anne Boleyn. Clearly if a lady of the court
was caught patronizing Sister Elizabeth it could have dire consequences. What is puzzling to me is why is it
presumed to be Gertrude that wrote the letter? The letter published was not taken from the original letter
and it is unsigned. It comes from
the Cotton Manuscripts, which were heavily damaged in a fire, and the original
may be lost. Everett Wood states that the only women of rank that consulted the Holy Maid of Kent were Lady Exeter and Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. She attributes the letter to Lady Exeter because of the references to her husband and by giving as a reason for the consultation that she was pregnant and had lost all of her children. Margaret Pole was a widow in her sixties at the time the letter was written. However, Everett Wood gets some information incorrect, such as stating that the Marchioness was imprisoned until the reign of Queen Mary I. She also states that the Marchioness attended Queen Anne's coronation, while other sources say she did not. Yet another reason to wish I had access to the actual material.
I
do not have access to the complete letters of Eustace Chapuys, the Imperial
Ambassador, but other biographers have used those letters to show that Chapuys
relied on one or the other of the Exeters for a lot of the information that he
passed on to his master, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[27]
It is from Chapuys that we learn that the Exeters are presumed to be the
sources for the King claiming that Anne Boleyn had bewitched him[28]
and the charming episode of Mistress Jane Seymour on her knees demurely
rejecting a gift of sovereigns from the King begging him to respect her honor. .”[29]
Gertrude
was tireless in her role as informer to Ambassador Chapuys. It is clear from his letters that the
Marchioness believed Queen Katherine and Princess Mary are in mortal danger.[30]
In two letters from Chapuys to
Charles V in November 1535 he writes “The Marchioness of Exeter has sent to
inform me that the King has lately said to some of his most confidential
councilors that he would not longer remain in the trouble, fear and suspense he
had so long endured on account of the Queen and the Princess, and that they
should see at the coming Parliament, to get him released there from, swearing
most obstinately that he would wait no longer. The Marchioness declares that this is as true as the Gospel,
and begs me to inform your Majesty and pray you to have pity on the ladies. In the second letter he wrote,
“The Personage who informed me of what I wrote to your Majesty on the 6th
about the Queen and the Princess –came yesterday to this city in disguise to
confirm what she had sent to me to say, and conjure me to warn your Majesty,
and beg you most urgently to see a remedy. She added that the King, seeing some of those to whom he
used this language shed tears, said that tears and wry faces were of no avail,
because even if he lost his crown he would not forbear to carry his purpose
into effect.”
I
was able to portray the Marchioness of Exeter through the year 1537
participating in the fall of Anne Boleyn, the betrothal of Jane Seymour and the
restoration to the court of Princess Mary. Yet, because this is a Renaissance Festival and the
Exeter Conspiracy is not one of the tales that gets told in a couple of thirty
minute shows I was unable to portray the downfall of the Exeters. It is a sad story that, believe
it or not was portrayed by Showtime’s The Tudors series, without the Exeters
taking part.
Following
the death of Queen Anne Boleyn, the Marquis again did his duty in helping to
suppress the Pilgrimage of Grace and a similar uprising in the west counties. He benefited greatly from the
dissolution of the monasteries and became the largest landowner in the west. [31] Yet, it was his royal blood, his close
friendship to the Pole family and his dislike of Thomas Cromwell that would
prove the destruction of his family.
Margaret
Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence,
brother of Edward IV. Her
middle son, Reginald Pole, had been educated on the continent at the expense of
King Henry VIII. Reginald
became very vocal about opposing the divorce from Catherine of Aragon and the
dissolution writing a treatise against the English Reformation entitled Pro
Unitatis Ecclesiasticae Unitatis Defensione (A Defense of the Church’s Unity)
better known as De Unitate. [32] The Marquis was close friends with the
Pole family, particularly Henry Pole, Lord Montague, Margaret Pole’s eldest
son. Thomas Cromwell had Geoffrey Pole, the Countess’ youngest son arrested for
clandestine correspondence with his brother Reginald in August 1538 and put in
solitary confinement in the Tower of London for two months. He betrayed his entire
family and the Exeters.[33]
The
Marquis and Henry Pole, Lord Montague, were arrested in November 1538. The Marquis was accused of
encouraging apprentices in Cornwall to march carrying his banner and declaring
that he should be heir to the throne. This makes no sense, as he would not have
displaced Prince Edward or Princess Mary to whom he was one of her staunchest
champions. It didn’t help
the Marquis that was overhead saying “Knaves rule about the King; I trust to
give them a buffet one day.”[34]
The
Marchioness and their 12-year-old son, Edward was arrested along with Lady
Montague and her young son, Henry Pole.
The Marquis and Lord Montague were convicted of treason and executed on
December 9, 1538. One week
later the Marquis was formally degraded from the Order of the Garter. [35]
Among the other men executed in the “Exeter Conspiracy” were Sir Edward Neville
and Sir Nicholas Carew whose sole crime was to have treasonous correspondence
with the Marchioness.[36]
Act
of Attainder convicted the Marchioness along with several other prisoners in
May 1539. For a time
her cell mate in the Tower was Margaret Pole. The Marchioness is mentioned in the reports of Thomas
Cromwell. In reference to
being unsatisfied with her confession he wrote that “I shall try to the uttermost
and never cease till the bottom of her stomach may be clearly opened and
disclosed, and I can declare it to your highness by mouth more than I could by
writing.”[37]
Thomas Philips, a senior warder
would write “The Lady Marchioness feareth sore lest she stand in the King’s
displeasure and consequently wants your Lordship’s favour. She also wanteth rainment and hath no
change but only what your Lordship commanded to be provided. Further, her gentlewoman, Mistress
Constance, hath no change and what she hath is sore worn. Another gentlewoman hath been
with her one whole year and more and very sorry is she that she hath not to
recompense them, at least their wages.” Later Cromwell’s memorandum lists
“remember the Marchioness of Exeter…remember the two children in the Tower.”[38]
The
Marchioness of Exeter was pardoned on December 21, 1539 and released. [39]
Not so her young son, who would remain a prisoner of the Tower until Queen Mary
I came to the throne. Mary would
restore him to his father’s family title of Earl of Devon. [40]Young
Henry Pole simply disappears from the Tower records around 1543. Margaret Pole would be executed at the
age of 68 in May 1541.
Geoffrey Pole attempted suicide twice, was released and lived out his
life shunned by his surviving relatives.[41]
Gertrude
returned to court with the ascension of Mary and became chief gentlewoman of
the queen’s bedchamber. [42] Her son would become the English
candidate for the queen’s hand in marriage supported by Stephen Gardiner,
Bishop of Winchester, whom Edward had befriended during his imprisonment. [43] When the Queen announced her intention
to marry Philip of Spain, Edward was caught up in the Wyatt Rebellion that
proposed to marry Edward to Princess Elizabeth and place them on the throne.[44] Edward when questioned
stated that while he was aware of the plans to marry him to Princess Elizabeth
he had declined.[45] He was briefly re-imprisoned in
the Tower and then exiled to the continent where he traveled to Calais, Antwerp
and Italy. Edward
Courtenay, the last Tudor Earl of Devonshire would die in mysterious
circumstances in Padua on September 18, 1556 and was buried in St. Anthony’s
church. [46]
His
mother would be forgiven by Queen Mary for her son’s mistakes and would remain
a part of the Queen’s household. Gertrude Blount Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter
died on September 25, 1558 and is buried in Wimborne Minster. [47]
I
end with Gertrude’s own words. The
Marchioness of Exeter wrote several letters to her son in his exile. Five are reprinted in volume three of Letters
of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain. This letter is poignant. It is the letter of a mother desperately missing her only
child.
Son,
Your
letter wrote to me, dated the two-and-twentieth of October, I received from
Brown the 7th of November.
The letter was one way comfortable, to perceive you do not forget your
mother, who esteems you above her own life. And very glad I am to hear the king’s majesty is so much
your good lord as you write; beseeching our Lord long to preserve him: but
sorry I am you will, as I perceive by your letter, travel so far hence, but I
trust, according to your bounden duty, you will first come into England to see
the queen’s highness and your poor mother, who has as little worldly comfort as
ever woman had, saving only the goodness and comfort of the queen’s
highness. As I perceive by your
letter, your man has to say to me from you, but, as he writes to me, he trusts
you shall shortly come hither and speak with me yourself; the which I would be
most gladdest of, and causes me purposely send this bearer to bring me word; if
there be any such good news I will remain here till I hear the certainty what
you will do. And thus with my
hearty blessing I will bid you farewell, for I am at this present so pained with
the cholic and the stone, that I have much ado to write; fearing you cannot
read this ill written letter, praying daily for your short return into
England. Written the 8th
of November, from Master Warham’s house at Malsanger.
If
you come to England I trust I shall see you, or else I will shortly write to
you if I be alive.
By
your most assured loving mother,
Gertrude
Exeter[48]
Bibliography
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Emerson, Kathy Lynn. Wives
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Everett Wood, Mary Anne. Letters
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[1] Dictionary
of National Biography, pg. 721
[2] Antonia
Fraser, The Wives of Henry VIII (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) 195
[3] http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenU-V.htm
[4] Tremlett,
Giles, Catherine of Aragon: Henry’s Spanish Queen (London: Faber and
Faber Limited, 2010) 378-379
[5] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage &
Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's
Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 1123.
[6] Arlene
Naylor Okerlund, Queenship and Power: Elizabeth of York (New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) 127
[7] Okerlund 204
[8] Horatia
Durant. Sorrowful Captives: The Tudor Earls of Devon (Pontypool, Hughes
& Son, Ltd. The Griffin Press, 1960) 26
[9] Durant 28
[10] Dictionary
of National Biography, pg. 1261.
[11] www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/HenryCourtenay(1MExeter).htm
[12] www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenG.htm
[13] Durant,
pg.36.
[14] http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/TudorWomenB-Bl.htm
[15] William
Jerdan, F.S.A. M.R.S.L.The Rutland Papers (New York and London: AMS
Press, 1968) 36
[16] Eric Ives, The
Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing,
Ltd. 2004) 37
[17] Durant 36
[18] Durant 37
[19] Durant 52
[20] Dictionary
of National Biography, pg. 1261.
[21] Durant 37.
[22] Beverley A.
Murphy, Bastard Prince: Henry VIII’s Lost Son (Gloucestershire: Sutton
Publishing Limited, 2003) 55
[23] Durant 40
[24]M. St. Clare
Byrne, Ed. The Letters of King Henry VIII (New York: Funk and Wagnalls,
1968) 72
[25] David
Matthew, The Courtiers of Henry VIII (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode,
1970) 147
[26] Mary Anne
Everett Wood, Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain,
Volume Two (London: Henry Colburn, 1846) 96-101
[27] Durant 45
[28] David
Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (London: Chatto &
Windus, 2003) 551
[29] Madeleine
Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds, The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536-1537 and The Exeter
Conspiracy 1538 Volume One (London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1915, 1971)
24-25
[30] Durant 47
[31] Durant
50-52
[32] Desmond
Seward, The Last White Rose: Dynasty, Rebellion and Treason; The Secret Wars
Against The Tudors (London: Constable & Robinson, Ltd., 2010) 240
[33] Durant 57
[34] Durant 58
[35] Durant
61-62
[36] Durant 59
[37] Durant. 63
[38] Matthew 153
[39] Durant 64
[40] James D.
Taylor, Jr. The Shadow of the White Rose: Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon
1526-1556 (New York: Algora Publishing, 2006) 59
[41] Durant 63
[42] Durant 76
[43] Seward 316
[44] Taylor 75
[45] Taylor 85
[46] Taylor
160-161
[47] http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=18692
[48] Everett
Wood, Volume Three, 307-309
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